Electron: Meaning, Definition & Formula
The atom comprises three particles: electrons, protons and neutrons. The electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative charge. Electrons are bound to the atom’s nucleus in, what is called, sub-shells. There are free electrons, too, which are not bound to any atom. Electrons are represented as e or ß. As mentioned earlier, electrons are negatively charged and is measured in Coulomb (the charge of an electron is given as
Among the three constituents of an atom, electrons have the lowest mass. The mass of one electron is around 1,800 times lesser than a proton. If calculated, it comes to 9.10938356 × 10-31 kilograms.
Electron wavelength
Louis de Broglie first measured the wavelength of an electron. He used the concepts of Einstein’s formula and Planck’s constant to calculate it. The equation which measures the wavelength of an electron is:
Where,
Photon: Meaning, Definition & Formula
Photon is a type of elementary particle with a zero rest mass and moves with the speed of light in a vacuum. A photon is the “quantum of electromagnetic radiation”. In other words, it is the smallest and the fundamental particle of an electromagnetic radiation. A photon has no mass, no electric charge, and is a stable particle. These particles possess wave-particle duality. It has 2 polarization states. Photos do not obey Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. Photons are emitted in natural processes. For example, during a nuclear, molecular and atomic transition to a lower level, various photons with different energy levels are emitted, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays. They are also emitted when a particle and its antiparticle are annihilated. The equation E = pc relates the energy and momentum of a photon.
where p is the momentum of vector p, This comes from the equation
Photon’s energy and momentum depend on its frequency(v) and wavelength(λ).
Photon also has a spin angular momentum quantity that does not depend on its frequency.
Light, for example, is electromagnetic radiation. Photons can be said to be the fundamental particles of light. It can be said that light is carried over space by photons.
It must be remembered that photons describe the properties of the particles of a wave and not the overall properties of the wave itself. Also, as the photon is essentially nothing but energy, it has no mass whatsoever.
Difference Between Photon and Electron
Photons and electrons are both fundamental particles, the former of electromagnetic waves and the latter of atoms. Together, they are can cause the flow of electricity. However, they are different in many aspects:
| Electron | Photon |
| It is matter. | It is energy. |
| It has mass. | It has no mass. |
| It carries a negative charge. | It doesn’t carry any charge. |
| The speed of an electron can be zero or anything under the speed of light. It is impossible for an electron to achieve the speed of light. | Photon travels at the speed of light. |
The video discusses important modern physics questions and its solutions.
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